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計劃性細胞死亡是一種個體發育過程中調控細胞數目的正常機轉。對免疫
系統而言,自體耐受性的建立與維持亦是經由此種機制來調節。計劃性細
胞死亡的特徵包括染色質的濃縮,細胞質的空泡化以及 DNA片斷化的產生
。金黃色葡萄球菌腸毒素為一種 T細胞活化劑,歸納在 superantigens的
成員內。過去的研究, 已經證實採靜脈注射金黃色葡萄球菌 B 型腸毒
素(SEB)可引起小鼠脾臟與淋巴結的腫大,但導致胸腺萎縮。萎縮的胸腺組
織經電子顯微鏡觀察與萃取DNA經電泳分析,發現細胞呈現計劃性死亡的
特徵。本論文探討的重點則是根據此一前提,進而探究由金黃色葡萄球
菌 B型腸毒素所誘導的計劃性細胞死亡過程中,細胞內訊息傳遞特性 。
由於 Protein kinase C 為細胞訊息傳遞過程重要的 mediator,所以我
們分析 PKC 的酵素活性與 mRNA 的表現,結果發現 SEB注射的小鼠胸腺
細胞,在細胞質和細胞膜上的 PKC,其酵素活性均有降低趨勢(down-
regulation),而且在SEB 處理 24至 48小時後達到最低點,在 72小時後
逐漸回昇。相反地,淋巴細胞的 PKC酵素活性在 SEB處理後有增強現象。
我們再從 PKC subspecies 的mRNA研究,也發現在 SEB處理 24小時後的
胸腺細胞,與對照組比較,其PKC-a 就不同次的實驗結果平均降低10-20%
。PKC-b的變化最為明顯約降低 50%。我們針對 PKC-b的mRNA 表現與PKC
酵素活性的變化作探討,發覺在時間上有一致的相關性。對於細 胞內蛋
白質磷酸化方面而言,給予 SEB 處理 24小時的小鼠之胸腺細胞,在in
vitro 情況下,無論是否有經過 PMA 處理,其細胞內蛋白 質磷酸化程度
都較對照組為低。從 45Ca uptake 實驗顯示,SEB 會導致外界鈣離子進
入胸腺細胞內。若經37 oC 前處理2或4小時的胸腺細胞,在給與 SEB刺
激 5到 30分鐘,明顯可見外界鈣離子進入細胞內。我們並測定胸腺細胞
內鈣離子濃度的增加,在單獨給予 SEB時並不明顯,但如與 Con A共同刺
激,則 SEB 能與 Con A有加成效果,顯著增加細胞內鈣離子的濃度。由
上述的結果,我們發現經由SEB作為誘導物的情況下,確可證實計劃性細
胞死亡的訊息傳遞伴隨細胞內鈣離子濃度增加和流動,以及 PKC 酵素活
性與 mRNA 量的降低。因此,胸腺細胞中 PKC 的 down-regulation,在
SEB對不成熟胸腺細胞與周邊淋巴細胞造成不同的反應,引發細胞死亡或
增生,可能扮演關鍵性的角色。
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Programmed cell death (PCD) is a cell-autonomous suicide
pathway that helps restrict cell numbers and occurs during
normal deve- lopment. The characteristics of PCD include
chromatin condensa- tion, cytoplasmic blebbing and DNA
fragmentation. Studies in our laboratory have demonstrated that
intravenous administration of staphylococcal enterotoxin B
(SEB) resulted in an enlargement of spleen and lymph nodes but
thymus atrophy. The thymus shrinkage involved PCD which was
characterized by DNA fragmentation and morphologic changes. In
the present study, we focus on the signal transduction pathway
in PCD induced by SEB. Protein kinase C(PKC) activity decreases
in both cytosolic and membrane fractions of thymocytes, but
increases in lymphocytes. The lowest level of PKC activity is
reached by 24 and 48 h, then is recovered gradually after 72
h. Further studies indicate that intravenous injection of SEB
down-regulates the mRNA expression of PKC-a (10-20%), PKC-b
(50%) in thymocytes. Kinetic studies in the mRNA level of PKC-
b show good correlation with the pattern of PKC activity.
Furthermore, protein phosphorylation in thymocytes is reduced
after in vivo SEB treatment for 24 h with or without in vitro
stimulation of PMA, a PKC activator. There is a slow increase
in calcium flux in thymocyte suspension after SEB treatment.
With 2 or 4 h pre-incubation at 37oC, the calcium uptake is
initiated within 5 and 30 min, respectively, following SEB
treatment. Taken together, using SEB as an inducer, this study
demonstrates the signal transduction pathway in PCD involving
the increase in calcium uptake and mobilization, and the
decrease in PKC activity and mRNA expression. Down-regulation
of PKC in thymocytes may play a key role in the differential
responses to SEB between immature thymocytes and peripheral
lymphocytes, i.e. cell death vs proliferation.
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